Taliban Kabul and Istanbul join global outcry, Delhi blunts Islamabad’s moves
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Main Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
What’s the ongoing story: Ever since the Pahalgam terror attack, India and Pakistan have been in an intense diplomatic power play with both Delhi and Islamabad trying to mobilise international support.
Key Points to Ponder:
• ‘India and Pakistan have been in an intense diplomatic power play with both Delhi and Islamabad trying to mobilise international support’—Discuss
• What immediate diplomatic action did India take against Pakistan following the Pahalgam attack?
• The implications of the 2025 Pahalgam attack on Indo-Pakistan diplomatic relations—Know in detail
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• Assess the international community’s response to the Pahalgam attack.
• Is it possible for Islamabad to bring India before the International Court of Justice or the Permanent Court of Arbitration?
• What is the difference between the ICJ and the Permanent Court of Arbitration?
• Are the rulings of the International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) binding?
Key Takeaways:
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• As foreign ministries of both countries briefed foreign ambassadors in their capitals, Delhi also sent M Anand Prakash, Joint Secretary in charge of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran in the Ministry of External Affairs, to Kabul this week — Prakash handled the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in the MEA.
• Even before Prakash reached Kabul, the Foreign Ministry of Taliban-ruled Afghanistan condemned the Pahalgam terror attack.
• “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan categorically condemns the recent attack on tourists in the Pahalgam region of Jammu and Kashmir, and expresses condolences to the bereaved families,” its spokesman Abdul Qahar Balkhi said.
• Recently, Kabul said a top Indian diplomat had met Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi and discussed ways to strengthen bilateral political relations and enhance trade and transit cooperation. The ministry said they also exchanged views on recent regional developments.
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• According to the statement, Muttaqi underscored the importance of expanding diplomatic and economic relations between Kabul and Delhi. He also stressed the need to facilitate the movement of people between the two countries and called for the normalisation of visa issuance processes for businessmen, patients and students.
• Prakash reaffirmed India’s commitment to relations with Afghanistan and expressed the hope of deepening cooperation across multiple sectors.
Do You Know:
• Delhi’s recent talks with Taliban-ruled Kabul, its humanitarian assistance to the people of Afghanistan have not gone unnoticed. Nor has Kabul’s condemnation of the Pahalgam attack. Pakistan, on the other hand, now has problems with the Taliban and its decision to expel Afghan refugees has added to the slide in ties.
• He reiterated Delhi’s intention to continue its assistance to Kabul and conveyed India’s interest in investing in infrastructure projects, including the resumption of previously-halted initiatives.
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• Meanwhile, Islamabad is considering approaching the Permanent Court of Arbitration or the International Court of Justice over the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty, sources said. India has said it will be keeping the Treaty in abeyance
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍C Raja Mohan writes: Pakistan’s Asim Munir has made a gamble at Pahalgam. India must not let it succeed
📍Pak in UNSC, India gets support of other non-permanent members
SC on Pegasus use: No wrong, nation’s security cannot be sacrificed
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Main Examination: General Studies III: Basics of Cyber Security
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What’s the ongoing story: Underlining that the security of the nation cannot be compromised or “sacrificed”, the Supreme Court said Tuesday that there is nothing wrong if a country has spyware and employs it for its security, and the only question would be against whom it is used.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Pegasus -Why in News?
• What is Supreme Court’s stance on the government’s use of spyware like Pegasus for national security purposes?
• Which principle did the Supreme Court highlight as a concern regarding the use of spyware against individuals?
• What is Pegasus Software? How does it work?
• How is Pegasus different from another spyware?
• What kind of devices are vulnerable and What information can be compromised?
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• What is the Supreme Court’s position on the balance between national security and individual privacy rights?
• Snooping and Surveillance in the name of National Security-Where to draw the line?
• Supreme Court of India on snooping and surveillance-People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) vs Union of India case in 1996, Rule 419A of the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951
• Justice Raveendran Committee appointed by Supreme Court—What exactly Justice Raveendran Committee said?
Key Takeaways:
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• On demands to disclose the report of the Justice R V Raveendran committee, which probed allegations that Pegasus, an Israeli-made spyware, was being used for surveillance of journalists, activists and politicians, Justice Surya Kant said, “Any report which touches the security and sovereignty of the country will not be touched.”
• “But individuals who want to know whether they are included, that can be informed. Yes, individual apprehension must be addressed but it cannot be made a document for discussion on the streets,” said Justice Kant, presiding over a two-judge bench also comprising Justice N Kotiswar Singh .
• The bench was hearing a clutch of petitions filed in 2021 in the wake of the Pegasus allegations.
• Appearing for some petitioners, Senior Advocate Dinesh Dwivedi said even if his client’s phone was not hacked and is clean, the question remains whether the government has the spyware.
• Justice Kant asked, “What’s wrong if the country is using that spyware against (terrorists)… To have spyware is not wrong. Against whom it is used is… that is the point. It’s not that simple. You can’t compromise or sacrifice the security of the nation”.
• Senior Advocate Kapil Sibal, appearing for some petitioners, referred to a US court judgment regarding allegations of the NSO group, the makers of Pegasus, hacking WhatsApp accounts using the spyware. “We have got a judgment of a US District Court…They found that India is one of the countries where it was hacked. WhatsApp has said so,” Sibal said.
• Sibal then referred to the report of the three-member Justice R V Raveendran committee, which was formed by the SC in October 2021. The committee was formed to look into the allegations in the Pegasus spyware case, “taking into account the public importance and the alleged scope and nature of the large-scale violation of the fundamental rights of the citizens of the country”.
• On August 25, 2022, the SC recorded in its order that the expert committee found no conclusive evidence for the use of the NSO Group’s Pegasus spyware in the phones that it examined. The court also noted that the Centre “has not cooperated” with the panel. Malware was, indeed, found in five phones, the court noted, but this did not mean that the malware was Pegasus.
Do You Know:
• Pegasus aka Q Suite, marketed by the NSO Group aka Q Cyber Technologies as “a world-leading cyber intelligence solution that enables law enforcement and intelligence agencies to remotely and covertly extract” data “from virtually any mobile devices”, was developed by veterans of Israeli intelligence agencies.
• Until early 2018, NSO Group clients primarily relied on SMS and WhatsApp messages to trick targets into opening a malicious link, which would lead to infection of their mobile devices. A Pegasus brochure described this as Enhanced Social Engineering Message (ESEM). When a malicious link packaged as ESEM is clicked, the phone is directed to a server that checks the operating system and delivers the suitable remote exploit.
• In its October 2019 report, Amnesty International first documented use of ‘network injections’ which enabled attackers to install the spyware “without requiring any interaction by the target”. Pegasus can achieve such zero-click installations in various ways. One over-the-air (OTA) option is to send a push message covertly that makes the target device load the spyware, with the target unaware of the installation over which she anyway has no control.
• All devices, practically. iPhones have been widely targeted with Pegasus through Apple’s default iMessage app and the Push Notification Service (APNs) protocol upon which it is based. The spyware can impersonate an application downloaded to an iPhone and transmit itself as push notifications via Apple’s servers.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Recalling Pegasus, the last time phones of Oppn leaders were allegedly targeted by spyware
Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:
1. The terms ‘WannaCry, Petya and Eternal Blue’ sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to (2018)
(a) Exoplanets
(b) Cryptocurrency
(c) Cyber attacks
(d) Mini satellites
2. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)
1. Service providers
2. Data centers
3. Body corporate
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
GOVT & POLITICS
Mann says no to Saini request for water: ‘You used 103% of quota’
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
What’s the ongoing story: Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann Tuesday refused the release of more water to Haryana, stating that the neighbouring state has already utilised 103 per cent of its allocated share for this season.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB)?
• Why Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) was formed?
• What is the Beas Project?
• Punjab and Haryana water dispute—what you know about the same?
• What is Punjab’s argument in this issue?
• What is Haryana’s argument in this issue?
• What are the Inter-State water disputes in India?
• What are the Constitutional Provisions for interstate water disputes?
• What Article 262 of the Constitution says about interstate water disputes?
Key Takeaways:
• Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are partnering states who meet their water requirements from Bhakra and Pong dams managed by the BBMB. The BBMB decides the annual quota of water to be released to the three states from May 21 every year.
• Mann said Haryana has exhausted its share of water in March and is now seeking additional water for April and May. He said Punjab needs water for the upcoming paddy sowing season and there is not a single surplus drop to spare.
• Mann said the BBMB has allocated 2.987 MAF (million acre feet) water to Haryana for utilisation by May 21, 2025 and the state has already used 103 per cent of it. Punjab was allocated 5.512 MAF but has utilised only 89 per cent so far. He said Haryana had demanded 4,000 cusecs for drinking and other purposes in April, which Punjab agreed to “on humanitarian” grounds.
• Haryana made the demand during the meeting of technical committee of the board on April 23.
• Haryana CM Nayab Singh Saini’s office, meanwhile, released a letter written by him to Mann on April 27 wherein he reminded his Punjab counterpart of the telephonic discussion they had on April 26 regarding the implementation of the “decision of the technical committee of the BBMB on April 23 inter alia giving 8500 cusecs water at Haryana Contact points (HCP).”
Do You Know:
• The genesis of BBMB lies in the Indus Water Treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 whereby waters of three eastern rivers— Ravi, Beas and Sutlej — were allotted to India for exclusive use while Indus, Chenab and Jhelum rivers were allocated to Pakistan.
• In India, a master plan was drawn to harness the potential of these rivers for providing assured irrigation, power generation and flood control. Bhakra and Beas projects form a major part of this plan and were established as a joint venture of the then undivided Punjab and Rajasthan.
• Following the reorganisation of Punjab on November 1, 1966, and the creation of the state of Haryana, the Bhakra Beas Management Board was constituted under Section 79 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966. The administration, maintenance and operation of Bhakra Nangal project was handed over to Bhakra Management on October 1, 1967. On May 15, 1976, when the Beas Projects Works were completed and handed over, the Bhakra Management Board was renamed as Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). Since then, BBMB regulates supply of water and power to Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh.
• The BBMB management includes a chairperson and two whole time members who are from the partner states of Punjab and Haryana.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Explained: Why rule change in BBMB has become a flashpoint between Centre and Punjab
Previous year UPSC mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (2013)
THE IDEAS PAGE
Tackling terror, the India way
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Main Examination: General Studies II: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
What’s the ongoing story: M N Sabharwal and Manish Sabharwal Writes: India’s long-term strategy in Kashmir offers the world three valuable lessons
Key Points to Ponder:
• Which approach has India adopted to effectively tackle terrorism in Kashmir, as highlighted in the article?
• What is the significance of the ‘silver dagger’ metaphor used in the context of India’s counter-terrorism strategy?
• What role does intelligence play in India’s counter-terrorism strategy, according to the article?
• How has India’s approach to counter-terrorism evolved over time in Kashmir?
• What best describes the ‘blunt iron hammer’ approach mentioned in the article?
• What is the primary advantage of intelligence-driven counter-terrorism operations?
• In the context of the article, what does the term ‘proxy war’ imply?
• Why is specialization important in counter-terrorism efforts, as per the article?
Key Takeaways:
M N Sabharwal and Manish Sabharwal Writes:
• Pakistan’s garrison state has shown it is not beyond killing tourists and civilians — whether Kashmiri Muslim, Hindu or Sikh — to sabotage democracy in Pakistan.
• To keep India’s coming forceful reaction to Pahalgam’s murders in perspective, we must remember that 50 years ago — April 30, 1975 — America evacuated its personnel from the roof of its Saigon embassy via helicopter and lost a proxy war in Vietnam.
• 1975 was also the year Sheikh Abdullah abandoned 22 years of Pakistan-supported soft separatism and returned as the elected Chief Minister of J&K.
• But, in this golden anniversary year, it feels like America and Pakistan are refusing to learn from the past: President Donald Trump announced his proposal to “empty Gaza” and make it a Mediterranean Florida, while Pakistan Army Chief Asif Munir parroted Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s two-nation theory and Z A Bhutto’s shah-rug (“jugular vein”) promise.
• Instead of making tall claims that proclaim their ignorance of the importance of the human terrain, a better use of Trump and Munir’s energies would be to learn the three lessons that India’s long-term security strategy in Kashmir offers the world in handling proxy wars.
• In Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife, army veteran John Nagl suggests the US entered Vietnam with plans that were worse than useless for the conflict. US forces chose brutal and blunt “search and destroy” over “target, limit, and build”.
• The first pillar of specialisation emerged after some initial missteps. The effectiveness of India’s security forces in tackling
terrorism in Kashmir was greatly improved by recognising the need for intelligence-driven, targeted security responses to terrorism: A sharp silver dagger rather than a blunt iron hammer.
Do You Know:
M N Sabharwal and Manish Sabharwal Writes:
• The tourist murders are a security setback because our long-term strategy — the abrogation of Article 370, cross-border military strikes, railway connectivity, exploiting Pakistan’s economic weaknesses, globally isolating radical Islam, replacing non-alignment with strategic autonomy, becoming economically stronger, harnessing Saudi Arabia’s moderation, prepping for statehood with central oversight on terrorism, and making J&K Police the face of law — is working, and driving Pakistan’s deep state crazy.
• After the murders at Baisaran — where one of us learnt to roller skate on a wonderful wooden rink surrounded by pine trees — we know Kashmiris agree with terrorist Maqbool Bhat’s thoughtful letter to his niece after the 1971 Pakistani army genocide in Bangladesh: “Rulers who declare war against their people cannot offer anything to anyone else but injustice.”
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Shashi Tharoor writes: After Pahalgam, India must hit back smart, not just hard
Community must lead the change
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Main Examination: General Studies I: Social empowerment, communalism
What’s the ongoing story: Najeeb Jung and Ishrat Aziz writes: They must look within while demanding justice from the state.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is your understanding about the word ‘Islamophobia’?
• ‘Prejudice towards Muslims in India’-Comment
• What is the difference between prejudice and stereotype?
• What are the causes of prejudice in Indian Society?
• How do people develop prejudice mentality?
• According to the article, what was a missed opportunity by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board?
• What is a significant issue highlighted regarding Muslim leadership in India?
• Discuss the challenges faced by Indian Muslims in the context of rising communal tensions
• Know the impact of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board’s stance on reforms like triple talaq and the Shah Bano case on the Muslim community’s socio-political standing
Key Takeaways:
Najeeb Jung and Ishrat Aziz writes:
• The recent tragedy in Pahalgam has once again exposed the fragile fabric of Hindu-Muslim relations in India.
• Reports of violence targeting Muslims have surfaced from various parts of the country, adding to an already tense atmosphere. Sadly, this is not a new phenomenon; the climate of suspicion and hostility has been steadily building over the years, and has accelerated over the past decade.
• Against the backdrop of global Islamophobia, Indian Muslims today face some of the most difficult times in their history.
• It is crucial for Indian Muslims to embrace a secular outlook that aligns with the broader national interest. Strengthening secularism would not only enhance their own social standing but also contribute to India’s unity and progress.
Do You Know:
Najeeb Jung and Ishrat Aziz writes:
• A clear path to self-reformation includes several critical steps:
—Reforming Muslim personal law: The community must champion reforms ensuring equal status for women in matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
—Modernising waqf laws: Existing waqf regulations, rooted in an agrarian past, are ill-suited to today’s industrial and service-driven economy.
—Rejecting job reservation: Instead of seeking reservation in employment, Muslims must demand constitutional guarantees — security of life, protection of property, and a fair, level playing field. Strength through merit, not political crutches, should be the guiding philosophy.
—Embracing true secularism: Indian Muslims must insist on the complete separation of religion and state. The end of the Hajj subsidy was a positive step toward real secularism; similar government interventions in religious matters must be firmly rejected moving forward. However, it’s fair to say that this may apply to other faiths as well.
—Understanding reform as fulfilment of faith: Reform should not be seen as a betrayal of Islam but as its true fulfilment. The Quran repeatedly emphasises welfare, progress, and societal well-being.
—Advocating for national unity: It should be the mission of Indian Muslims to work tirelessly for the peace, unity, and integrity of India — from Kashmir to Kanyakumari, from Gujarat to the Northeast.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Najeeb Jung writes: Courts and dialogue are short-term recourse for Indian Muslims. Long-term answer lies in education, empowerment
EXPLAINED
Navy’s 26 new Rafales
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Main Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
What’s the ongoing story: India and France on Monday signed a $7.4 billion (approximately Rs 63,000 crore) government-to-government contract for 26 Rafale Marine (Rafale M) fighter aircraft for the Indian Navy. Thirty-six Rafale aircraft were earlier inducted into the Indian Air Force from 2021 onward.
• Why is the induction of the Rafale M important in the context of the Indian Navy?
• What is meant by naval aviation?
• What exactly is an aircraft carrier?
• What is the history of carrier aviation in India?
• Why does India need aircraft carriers?
• How will the Rafale Ms help the Navy?
• What is Rafale-M Jets?
• How many Rafale jets does India have?
• Why did India wants Rafale Fighters?
• What Is India’s Rafale M Deal?
• What will India’s Rafale M have?
• How Rafale M deal will strengthen Indian Navy?
Key Takeaways:
• The procurement includes training, simulator, associated equipment, weapons and performance-based logistics. It also includes additional equipment for the existing Rafale fleet of the Indian Air Force (IAF), a statement from the Ministry of Defence stated.
• The Rafale-Marine is a carrier-borne combat-ready aircraft with proven operational capabilities in maritime environments.
• Officials told The Indian Express that a key India-specific enhancement will be that the aircraft will be able to take off and land from a short deck with a ski jump, which is a feature of Indian aircraft carriers.
• French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle has a large, flat flight deck design with steam catapults and arresting gears.
• Officials said that among other weapons, ASTRA Mk1 air-to-air Beyond Visual Range Missile will be integrated into the aircraft.
• The deal for 26 Rafale-M fighter jets, estimated at over Rs 63,000 crore, includes four trainer aircraft. The agreement includes Transfer of Technology for integration of indigenous weapons in India.
• It also includes setting up of a production facility for Rafale fuselage as well as Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul facilities for aircraft engine, sensors and weapons in India.
• The delivery of these aircraft would begin between the next three to four years and is likely to be completed by 2030, with the crew undergoing training in France and India.
Do You Know:
• The key roles of naval aviation include:
—FLEET AIR DEFENCE: providing air cover for naval forces beyond the reach of land-based aircraft;
—STRATEGIC POWER PROJECTION: allowing deployment of air power without needing land bases;
—ANTI-SURFACE WARFARE: attacking enemy ships with air-launched missiles;
—SUPPORTING AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE: aiding marine landings and operations inland; and
—MINE COUNTERMEASURES: using aircraft to detect and clear enemy mines.
• Naval aviation is crucial for maintaining control of the seas, supporting naval and ground forces, and projecting military power along distant shores. It includes fixed-wing carrier borne squadrons, land-based Maritime Patrol Aircraft, Helicopters and Remotely Piloted Aircraft operated from warships and ashore.
• Over the years, India has operated a wide variety of carrier-based fighters — from Sea Hawks, Alizes, Sea Harriers and, at present, the very capable fourth generation MiG29Ks.
• The country is now developing the fifth generation Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF), that is likely to be operationalised in the middle of the next decade.
The 26 Rafale M jets, a four-and-a-half-generation battle-proven combat aircraft, will augment the existing MiG29K fleet.
• A great advantage that accrues with the induction of the 26 Rafale Ms for the Indian Navy is the commonality with the IAF Rafales. This provides the desirable scope for interoperability and joint training, as well as for maintenance and safe practices of these assets and their aircrew between the two services.
• The induction of this very capable aircraft in the coming years is a shot in the arm for the Indian armed forces, and shall ensure continued and enhanced combat capabilities across the full spectrum of India’s military might.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍India, France sign agreement for procurement of 26 Rafale-M for Navy
The story of Golconda Blue, and that of India’s once-legendary diamonds
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: History of India and Current events of national and international importance
What’s the ongoing story: Christie’s has pulled the 23.24 carat Golconda Blue, “the largest Fancy Vivid Blue Diamond ever to be offered at auction” after “the owners…made the decision to pursue a sale of the diamond to a family member”.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is the Golconda Blue?
• Golconda diamonds are classified as Type IIa. What does this classification signify?
• The term ‘Golconda diamond’ became synonymous with diamonds of incomparable quality. What factors contributed to this reputation?
• Which ancient traveler is known to have described the diamond trade in the Golconda region?
• What was the primary reason for the decline of diamond mining in the Golconda region by the 1830s?
• Which river basin is associated with the diamondiferous region of Golconda?
Key Takeaways:
• The diamond, according to the British auction house “among the rarest and most important…ever discovered throughout history”, had been expected to fetch $35 million to $50 million at an auction in Geneva on May 14.
• Diamonds, the hardest of naturally occurring substances, are composed entirely of carbon, and formed under great heat and pressure below the Earth’s surface. Their rarity, difficulty in extracting them, and the skill required to cut and polish them for jewellery, have historically made diamonds exclusive and expensive.
Do You Know:
• According to Christie’s, the blue diamond belonged to Yeshwant Rao Holkar (1908-62), the Maharaja of Indore, who, along with his wife Sanyogitabai Devi, often collected paintings, jewellery, and other fine goods in Europe.
• In 1923, Yeshwant Rao’s father visited the French luxury jewellery company Chaumet to commission a diamond bracelet set with the 23-carat, pear-shaped Golconda Blue. A decade later, Yeshwant Rao commissioned the French brand Mauboussin to set the gem in a necklace that was later worn by his wife.
In 1947, the American jeweller Harry Winston bought the blue diamond, sold it briefly to the Maharaja of Baroda, reacquired it, and sold it to the current owner, whom Christie’s did not name.
• Rahul Kadakia, Christie’s International Head of Jewellery, listed other Golconda diamonds auctioned by them, such as the 78.54 carat Archduke Joseph. Some of the world’s most famous diamonds, such as the Koh-i-Noor and the pale pink Darya-i-Nur, were mined in Golconda.
• According to Christie’s, the West’s enduring fascination with diamonds began after Alexander brought back the gems to Europe from India in 327 BC. The Venetian Marco Polo wrote in 1292: “No country but India produces diamonds. Those which are brought to our part of the world are only the refuse, as it were, of the finer and larger stones… In truth they (India) possess all the treasures of the world.”
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Knowledge Nugget: How are ‘Golconda Blue’ and diamond mining in India relevant for the UPSC Exam?
| PRELIMS ANSWER KEY |
| 1.(c) 2.(d) |
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